TYPES OF DESTINATIONS TRAVEL EXPERIENCES

The spatial and charactheristic diversity among destinations has become so great it is important classify destinations so that a systematic discussion of tourism psychology nad motivation can be undertaken. One way to do this is to build on Valene L. Smith’s identification of several types of tourism. That is, classification of destinations can be developed on the basis of the types of travel experience provided at the various destinations. Smith identified six categories of tourism: 

1. Ethnic tourism is travelling for the purpose of observing the cultural expressions and lifestyles of truly exotic peoples. Such tourism is exemplified by travel to Panama to study the San Blas India to observe the isolated hill tribes of Assam. Typical destination activities would include visits to native homes, attending dances, and ceremonies, and possibly participating in religious rituals. 
2. Cultural tourism is travel to experience and, in some cases, participate in a vanishing lifestyle that lies with human memory. The picturesque setting or “local color” in the destination area is the main attractions. Destination activities, typically, include meals in rustic inns, costume festivals, folk dance performances, and arts and crafts demonstrations in “old-style’ fashion. Visits to Wlliamsburg, Virginia, and greenfield village in Dearborn, Michigan, or Mystic Seaport, Connecticut, are examples of cultural tourism. 
3. Environment tourism is similar to ethnic tourism, drawing tourist to remote areas. But the emphasis here is natural and environmental attractions, rather than ethnic ones. Travel for the purpose of “getting to nature” and to appreciate (or become sensitive to) people-land relationships falls in this category. Environmental tourism is primarily geographic and ncludes such destinations as niagara falls, the Grand Canyon, Yellowstone National Park, and natural wonders. Typical destination activities include photography, hiking, mountain climbing, canoeing, and camping. 
4.  Rcreational tourism centers on participation in sports, curative spas, sun bathing, and social contacts in a relaxed environment. Such areas often promote sand, sea nad sex troughthrough beatifl color photographs that make you want to be there on the ski slopes, on palm fringed beaches, on championship golf courses, or on tennis courts. Such promotion is designed to atrract tourist whose esstial pupose is to relax. Las vegas epitomizes another type of recreational travel gambling, spectaculer floorshows, and away from home freedom. 
5. Business tourism as characterized by conventions/ meetings/ seminars/ is another important from of travel (The United Nations includes the business traveller in its definition of tourist). Business travel is frequently combined with one or more of the types of tourism already identified. Converserly, a tourist can select from myriad destinations that provide the same basic type of tourism. For instance, a tourist with an interest in historical tourism may travel to any country taht has historical appeal. 

                                                                                                                                                    McIntosh, Robert W. Tourism. (1955)

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Hotel Types (part 1)

Now we will discuss many kinds of hotel that usually exist. It will give us the detail information not only about the hotel functions but also the hotel facilities.
A motel or motor hotel is a lodging facility that caters primarily to guests arriving by automobile. It provides automobile parking near guestrooms. Motels are found in suburban or roadside areas.
 A commercial hotel is a hotel that caters primarily to business clients. A commercial hotel is usually located in town centre or business district. The objectives of this hotel are to serve business travelers, tour, groups, individual’s tourist, and small conference groups.  
Airport hotel is a hotel located not far from an airport. The typical markets of this hotel include business clients, airline passangers with can celled flights, and airline personnel. They usually stay for one or two nights. 
Suite hotel is a hotel, which provides guestroom with separate bedrooms and living rooms. Some guest suites include a compact kitchenette with refrigerator. Suite hotels may provide temporary living accomodation and serve as “homes away froms home” for frequent travelers. 
Residential hotel is a hotel, which provides guestrooms with a sitting room, bedroom, and small kitchenette. This hotel a directed at housing semi permanent guest and may provide a daily house keeping service, a telephone service, a front desk, and uniformed service. 
Floating hotel or Cruise ship is ahotel, which floats onthe seawater and cruises from one famous harbour to another. The guests of the cruise ship include family, individual/ group tourists, and wedding couples. This hotel may provide the guest with restaurants, swimming pool, theatre, pubs, gambling facilities, live music, etc. 

Sutanto Leo. English for Professional Accomadation services (2001)

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Places of Interest in Java

Surabaya 
A booming city over 3 million people, Surabaya offers many good hotels, shopping centers and plentiful sources of entertainment. Its well stocked zoological garden includes several pieces of Indonesian fauna: orang utans, komodo dragons and a collection of nocturnal animals. Kalimas is an old traditional harbor for the world famous schooner s, which can still be seen in all their former glory. Across the Madura Strait, half, an hour by ferry from Surabaya is the island of Madura, famous for its unique bull races.  

Trowulan, Pandaan, and Tretes 
Trowulan village and the surrouding area believed to be the site of the acient capital of Majapahit. Archaelogical excavations inthe area have recovered many terracota ornaments, statues, pottery and stone carvings which are displayed at the Trowulan Museum. The map in the museum is a guide to nearby sites of historical interest. The Candra Wilwatika open-air theatre in Pandaan, 45 km south of Surabaya presents clasical East Javanese ballet performances on each full moon night from June to November. The performances are based either on the Ramayana stories or east Java’s Legends and floklore . The backdropof Mt. Pananggungan makes the performances an enchanting experience. 10 km from Chandra Wilwatika is Tretes, one of the most beautiful mountain resort of Java. 

Malang 
Ninety kilometers south of Surabay lays malang, one of the most attractive hill towns of Java. A strong sense of civic pride is evident from the well maintained and elaborately painted pedicabs, the groomed main square, and cleanbuilding and streets. The cool climateis a welcome respite from Surabaya. Twenty kilometers from Malang on the southern flank of Mt. Arjuna, are selecta and Songgoriti, popular hill resorts with hot springs. Nearby Batu is famous for its apples and flowers.Sports facilities at Selecta include include horse riding, swimming and tennis. 

Mount Bromo
Many Local and foreign travelers make the trek for the mystical experience of watching the sunrise from the crest of the Bromo volcano. A pony from the village of Ngadisari takes you over a sea of sand to the foot of the volcan. Ascend the 50 steps to reach the rim. On the vast expanse of sand, formely a caldera, there are two volcanoes; the extincth Batok is a perfect cone and Bromo. Volcanic sulfur fumesand smoke still emanate from the depths, and the God of Bromo begins to rumble, the surrounding population quickly brings their offerings. The annual offering ceremony of Kasada is held on the 14th day of Kasada, the twelfth month in the Tenggerese calender year. It is a dazzling event where villagers from the surrounding areas bring their humble offerings to the holy volcano. 

The East Java Tourist Information center (2002)

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BALINESE MARRIAGE AND CASTE

A couple’s marriage will not be acknowledged in the society if it is carried out without a traditional sacred ceremony according to the hindu religious beliefs. In addition, the couple will be excommunicated from their village. There are three kids of marriage styles in Bali: “Ngerorod” (elopement),” Mamadik (more respected) and “Nyentana” (where a man moves permanently into his wife’s home). The most common of these is eloping, whereby the man and woman arrange to meet in a certain place our sight of the girl’s parents and the spend the night together at a friend’s house. Sufficient publicityis ensured so that people find out what is going on. Under these circumstances the girlis not allowed to return to her parents and resume life as before, but in most cases the girl’s parents are not in the least surprised. However, they make a great show of pretending to be outraged at the impudance of the boy and his family for plotting the downfall of their daughter. “Memadik” is a marriage from in Bali in which the boy’s parents and other family members come to the house of the girl’s and the respectfully ask for their daughter. This is a costly process as large ceremonies and offering are involved, but needless to say accords significantly more respect from the girl’s parents as compared to the clandestine nightime elopement. From the man’s point of view, however, it is more risky as the parents of his bride must give their approval. “Nyentana” is the marriage system in Bali in which the boy leaves the girl’s house and thereafter belongs to the girl’s family. This happens when the girl’s parents have no sons to look after their property. The man is effective assumed into the family to continouthe male lineage. In this case, it is the man’s parents who must give their consent. The morning after the proposal or elopement, a priset performs a simple ceremony called “ mekala-kalaan” , which is similar to a small civil wedding in the west . It is a very private affair and the couple wears only the simplest of traditional Balinese clothes. Then they are legally married. Often the family of the boy will put on a more elaborate, formal wedding ceremony in which everyone dresses up in traditional Balinese clothing and a priest presides. The boy generally has a reception is strictly western style. Three days after the wedding procession, the family of the boy visit the family of the girl, at whose house the” Ketipat Bantal” ceremony is performed. At this ceremony, two days families become united. Mantras are chanted and offerings given in order to purifythe sperm and the eggin the hopes that the two willbe free from the influence of evil and demons will not interfere in the formation of the embryo. Years ago in the days of Bali’s kingdoms, the marriage system was very strict. Only couples from the same caste were to allowed to marry, in order to maintain the purity of the caste system. Anyone breaking these marriage rules was banished from their village and often sent out into the jungle for the rest of their days. These days, however, while still very much respected, the caste system no longer holds such an iron-like grip over the Balinese and greater flexibility is permitted. Indonesia History Culture (2002)

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WHAT IS TOURISM?

When we think primarily of people who are visiting a particular place for sighseeing, visiting friends and relatives, taking a vacation, and having a good time. They may spend their leisure time engaging in various sports, sunbathing, talking, singing, taking rides, touring, reading, or simply enjoying the environment. If we consider the subjcet, we may include in our definition of toursm people who are participating in a convention, a business conference, or some other kind of business of professional activity, as well as those who are taking a study tour under an expert guide or doing some kind of scientific research or study. These visitors use all forms of transportation, from hiking in a wilderness park to flying in a jet to an exciting city. Tranportation can include taking a chairlift up to Colorado mountainside or standing at the rail of cruise ship looking acrosss the blue Caribbean. Whether people travel by one of these means or by car, motor coach, train, taxi, motor-bike, bicycle, they are taking trip and thus are engaging in tourism. Any attempt to define tourism and to describe its scope fully must consider the various groups that participate in and are affected by this industry. Their perspectives are vital to the development of a comprehensive definition. Four different perspectives of tourism can be identified:  

1. The tourist. The tourist seeks various psychic and physical experiences and satisfactions. The nature of these will largely determine the destinations chosen and the activities enjoyed. 
2. The business provides tourist goods and services. Business people see tourism as an opportunity to make a profit by supplying the goods and services that the tourist market demands. 
3. The government of the host community or area. Politicians view tourism as a wealth factor in the economy of their jurisdictions. Their perspective is related to the incomes their citizens can earn from the business. Politicians also consider the foreign exchange receipts from international tourism as well as the tax receipts from international tourism as well as the receipts collected from tourist expenditures, either directly or indirectly. 
4. The host community. Local people usually see tourism as a cultural and employment factor. The importance of this group, for example is the effect of the interaction between large numbers of the international visitors and residents. This effect may be beneficial or hramful, or both. Thus, tourism may be definied as the sum of the phenomena and relationships arising from the interaction of tourists, business suppliers, host governments, and host communities in the process of attracting and hosting these tourists and other visitors.

 Tourism is a composite of activites, services, and industries that delivers a travel experience: transportation, accomodations, eating and drinking establishments, shop, entertainment activity facilities, and other hospitality services available for inviduals or groups that are traveling away from home. It encompasses all provides of visitor and visitor related services. Tourism is the entire world industry of travel, hotels, transportation, and all other components, including promotion that serves that needs and wants of all travelers. Finally, tourism is the sum total of tourist expenditures within the borders of a nation or a polical subdivisions or a transportation-centered economic area of contiguous states or nations. This economic concept also considers the income multipliers of these tourist expenditures. 
                                                                                         Tourism: Principles, Practices, Philosphies (1995)

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